Reductions

 ( Spanish Colonization Of The Americas ) 

Reductions (, also called congregaciones; ) were settlements established by Spanish rulers and Roman Catholic missionaries in Spanish America and the Spanish East Indies (the Philippines). In Portuguese-speaking Latin America, such reductions were also called aldeias. The Spanish and Portuguese relocated, forcibly in many cases, indigenous inhabitants ( Indians or Indios) of their colonies into urban settlements modeled on those in Spain and Portugal. The Royal Academy of Spain defines reducción (reduction) as "a grouping into settlement of indigenous people for the purpose of evangelization and assimilation." In New Spain, reductions were called "congregations" ( congregaciones).Cline, Howard F. "Civil Congregation of the Indians of New Spain, 1598-1606." Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 29, (1947) no. 3, pp. 349–369Cline, Howard F. "Civil Congregation of the Western Chinantla, New Spain, 1599-1603." The Americas, vol. 12, no. 2, Oct 1955, pp. 115–137

Forced resettlements aimed to concentrate indigenous people into communities, facilitating civil and religious control over populations. The concentration of the indigenous peoples into towns facilitated the organization and exploitation of their labor. The practice began during Spanish colonization in the Caribbean, relocating populations to be closer to Spanish settlements, often at a distance from their home territories, and likely facilitated the spread of disease.Ida Altman. Life and Society in the Early Spanish Caribbean: The Greater Antilles 1493-1550. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 2021, pp.33, 46 Reductions could be either religious, established and administered by an order of the Roman Catholic church (especially the Jesuit Order), or secular, under the control of Spanish or Portuguese governmental authorities. The best known, and most successful, of the religious reductions were those developed by the Jesuits in Paraguay and neighboring areas in the 17th century. The largest and most enduring secular reductions were those imposed on the highland people of the former Inca Empire of Peru during the rule of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo (1569–1581).

During the early stages of Christianisation of the Americas, Spanish Catholic authorities might establish ecclesiastical missionary proto-parish subdivisions - ; singular: – for the indoctrination of the faith.

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Spanish West Indies The policy of reductions was begun in 1503 by Spanish colonists on Caribbean Sea islands. In the words of the Spanish rulers, "It is necessary that the Indians be assigned to towns in which they will live together and that they not remain or wander separated from each other in the backcountry."

Jeremy Ravi Mumford (2025). 9780822353102, Duke University Press. . ISBN 9780822353102

The Spanish ordered Indian villages to be destroyed and selected sites where new villages should be built. The concentration, or reducción of the Indian population, facilitated the Spaniards' access to Indian labor, the promulgation of Christianity, and the collection of taxes and tribute.Mumford, Jeremy Ravi (2012, Vertical Empire: The General Resettlement of Indians in the Colonial Andes, Durham: Duke University Press, p. 44 Moreover, the reduction of the Indians was intended to break down ethnic and kinship ties and detribalize the residents to create a generic, pan-Indian population, disregarding their numerous tribes and different cultures.Stern, Steve J. (1993), Peru's Indian Peoples and the Challenge of Spanish Conquest, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, p. 80

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North America The Spanish began creating reductions in Mexico shortly after Hernan Cortés's conquest in the 1520s. They were begun in Baja California in the 17th century and California in the late 18th century. Reductions in Mexico were more commonly known as congregaciones.Leal, Juan Felipe and Rountree, Mario Huacuja (2011), Economic y sistema de haciendas en Mexico, Juan Pablos, Editor, D. R. Voyeur, pp. 22-23

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South America Indian reductions in the Andes, mostly in present-day Peru and Bolivia, began on a large scale in 1570 during the rule of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo. Toledo worked to remake the society of the former Inca Empire, with some success. In a few years, he had resettled about 1.4 million Indians into 840 communities, many of which were the nuclei of present-day cities, towns, and villages.Mumford, p. 190

Probably the most famous of the reductions were in the areas of present-day Paraguay and neighboring Argentina, Brazil, and Bolivia in the 17th and 18th centuries. These were created by the Jesuit order of the Catholic Church, governed by the Jesuits through indigenous chief-turned-governors.Caraman, Philip (1976), The Lost Paradise: the Jesuit Republic in South America, New York: Seabury Press. In the case of this Guaraní mission, the Jesuits aimed to make Christians of the Guaraní, impose European values and customs (which were regarded as essential to a Christian life), and isolate and protect the Guaraní from European colonists and slavers.

Barbara Ganson (2025). 9780804754958, Stanford University Press. . ISBN 9780804754958

Pollen, John Hungerford. "The Suppression of the Jesuits (1750-1773)" The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 26 March 2014 After the territory of the Guarani was transferred to Portugal, forced expulsion by the Portuguese led to the so-called Guaraní War, with heavy losses for the Guaraní. The Portuguese colonizers also secured the expulsion of the Jesuits.

Barbara Ganson (2025). 9780804754958, Stanford University Press. . ISBN 9780804754958

Pollen, John Hungerford. "The Suppression of the Jesuits (1750-1773)" The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 26 March 2014

The Jesuits could not duplicate the success of the Guaraní mission in the Andes, on the Moxos, among the Chiquitos, or in the Chaco.Langer, Erick D. (2009), Expecting Pears from an Elm Tree,, Durham: Duke University Press, pp. 15-16

National and global suppression of the Society of Jesus put an end to the reduction system. Native wealth were sequestered by national authorities and the natives enslaved. According to David Brading, this was one of the factors for the Latin American Wars of Independence.David Brading, The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492–1867. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1991, pp. 453–458.

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Spanish East Indies In the Spanish Philippines, the Spanish colonial government founded hundreds of towns and villages across the archipelago modeled on towns and villages in Spain. The authorities often adopted a policy of reductions for the resettlement of inhabitants from far-flung scattered or Barangay state to move into a centralized Municipio (town/district capital), where a newly built church and an ayuntamiento (town hall) were situated.

(1975). 9789718958001, Renato Constantino. ISBN 9789718958001

This allowed the government to defend, control and Christianization the indigenous population in scattered independent settlements, to conduct census, and to collect tax.

(2025). 9780742510241, Rowman & Littlefield. . ISBN 9780742510241

This enforced resettlement led to several revolts in the 17th century, often led by community shamans ( babaylan). In some cases, entire villages would move deeper into island interiors to escape the reductions.

(1998). 9780824820824, University of Hawaii Press. . ISBN 9780824820824

A similar policy was implemented in the nearby Mariana Islands during the Spanish–Chamorro Wars (1670–1699).

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See also

• Indian reductions in the Andes

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Further reading Cline, Howard F. "Civil Congregation of the Indians of New Spain, 1598-1606." Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 29, (1947) no. 3, pp. 349–369

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